Theories of Basic Emotions

	Basic Emotions	Basis for Inclusion
Arnold	Anger, aversion, courage, dejection, desire, despair, fear, hate, hope, love, sadness	Relation to action tendencies
Ekman, Friesen, and Ellsworth	Anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, surprise	Universal facial expressions
Frijda	Desire, happiness, interest, surprise, wonder, sorrow	Forms of action readiness
Gray	Rage and terror, anxiety, joy	Hardwired
Izard	Anger, contempt, disgust, distress, fear, guilt, interest, joy, shame, surprise	Hardwired
James	Fear, grief, love, rage	Bodily involvement
McDougall	Anger, disgust, elation, fear, subjection, tender-emotion, wonder	Relation to instincts
Mowrer	Pain, pleasure	Unlearned emotional states
Oatley and Johnson-Laird	Anger, disgust, anxiety, happiness, sadness	Do not require propositional content
Panksepp	Expectancy, fear, rage, panic	Hardwired
Plutchik	Acceptance, anger, anticipation, disgust, joy, fear, sadness, surprise	Relation to adaptive biological processes
Tomkins	Anger, interest, contempt, disgust, distress, fear, joy, shame, surprise	Density of neural firing
Watson	Fear, love, rage	Hardwired
Weiner and Graham	Happiness, sadness	Attribution independent
	Basic Emotions	Basis for Inclusion

(This table is taken from Ortony & Turner, 1990.)