ADUMBRATIO LEXICI ANGLI ET LATINI

Articulorum pars prior iuxta argumenta hic ordinata est. Haec argumenta quibusdam scribendi compendiis indicavi, puta .acsr (accessories), .anml (animals), ita ante lemmata interpositis ut vocabula more informatico sponte ordinari possent. Delebuntur postea huiusmodi litterae compendiariae lemmataque omnia secundum alphabetum, ut fieri solet, ordinabuntur.

Quae anglice scripta sunt, ad lexici lectores spectant; quae latine, ad vos tantum. Quae signum < nonnullis in articulis sequuntur commentaria quaedam sunt, quibus exponitur cur hanc vel illam interpretationem latinam praeferendam censuerim. Interpretamenta latina quae post signum < relegavi eiusmodi fere sunt quae nobis accipienda non putarim, digna tamen quae notarentur. Auctorum recentiorum indicem in calce videte; multo plures mihi sunt recensendi.

De forma ac ordine articulorum adhuc haereo; quaeso hanc rem pensitetis. Nondum addidi symbolas vestras; scio me quaedam vocabula hic tractasse quae iam a vobis tractata sunt; curabo posthac haec omnia unum in corpus redigenda.

symbols and abbreviations

+ medieval word (first found 700-1400)

* modern word (first found since 1400)

Parentheses surrounding the above two symbols indicate that the word itself is ancient, but the meaning is first found in the medieval or modern period. Certainty about the first appearance of post-ancient Latin words is impossible; our indications are based on consultation of certain dictionaries (see preface) and a number of primary sources.

Alb. Sigrid Albert

Anc. Gr. Ancient Greek

Byz. Gr. Byzantine Greek

EB Encyclopedia Britannica

eccl. ecclesiastical

Eg. Carlo Egger

EL European languages

Forc. Forcellini

Helf. Helfer

Lev. Levine, Latin Dictionary (1967)

LRL Lexicon Recentioris Latinitatis (Vatican)

LS Lewis and Short

Mod. Gr. Modern Greek

MLBS Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources

OED Oxford English Dictionary

OLD Oxford Latin Dictionary

PW Pauly-Wissova, Real-encyclopädie

s.v. sub voce (under the entry)

ThLG Stephanus, Thesaurus Linguae Graecae

ThLL Thesaurus Linguae Latinae

WC WorldCat database

.acsr glove, mitten chîrothêca, ae⁺ f. (Latham; Niermeyer; Hoven citing Erasmus and Vives) < Digitabulum, semel usurpatum: "quae [olea] manu stricta, melior ea quae digitis nudis, quam illa quae cum digitabulis [legis]" (Varr. R.R. 1, 55, 1). OLD: "a finger-stall." ThLL: "digitabulum ... i.q. digitale: Varr. Rust. 1, 55, 1 ..." ThLL: "digitale, is Gloss. -e daktulhqra h basanoV ... -ium musculorum, fingirdoccana (anglosax.) ... [it. ditale, francog. dé, hisp. dedal. M.-L.]." Vocabula illa vernacula idem sonant ac thimble, finger-stall. || Latham s.v. chirotheca: "c. distincta per digitos c. 1330."

.acsr boot (covering all or much of lower leg) ocrea, ae f. (Erasmus, Holberg, etc.; in antiquity of leggings), caliga, ae f. (Ducrue 254: "antequam in atrium ingrederentur, omnem semper vestem, quin vel ipsas caligas deponere iubebantur"); (sturdy shoe, as hiking boot, work-boot) pero, ônis m.

.acsr bow-tie ? nodus collaris, ? papilio collaris

.acsr briefcase, attaché case chartophylacium, i* n. (Anc. Gr.)

.acsr glasses ocularia vitrea (n. pl.), ocularia, ium* n. pl. (Petrarch), conspicilla, orum (*) (Erasmus)

.acrs glove, mitten chîrothêca, ae⁺ f. (Latham; Niermeyer; Hoven citing Erasmus and Vives) < Glove and mitten may be distinguished, when necessary, as chirotheca distincta (v. digitata) and chirotheca continua respectively. || Digitabulum, semel usurpatum: "quae [olea] manu stricta, melior ea quae digitis nudis, quam illa quae cum digitabulis [legis]" (Varr. R.R. 1, 55, 1). OLD: "a finger-stall." ThLL: "digitabulum ... i.q. digitale: Varr. Rust. 1, 55, 1 ..." ThLL: "digitale, is Gloss. -e daktulhqra h basanoV ... -ium musculorum, fingirdoccana (anglosax.) ... [it. ditale, francog. dé, hisp. dedal. M.-L.]." Vocabula illa vernacula idem sonant ac thimble, finger-stall. || Latham s.v. chirotheca: "c. distincta per digitos c. 1330."

.acsr handkerchief sudariolum, i n. (Eg. L.D.I. 104), mûcinium, i n.

.acsr purse perula, ae f. (Eg. D.L. 16), crumêna, ae f. (Eg. D.L. 16)

.acsr sandal solea, ae f., crepida, ae f.

.acsr scarf, muffler fôcâle, is n. (Goelzer s.v. foulard), fascia collaris, amictorium (collare)

.acsr shoe: boot (covering all or much of lower leg) ocrea, ae f. (+) (Latham; Erasmus; Holberg, etc.; in antiquity of leggings), ? caliga, ae f. (Ducrue 254: "antequam in atrium ingrederentur, omnem semper vestem, quin vel ipsas caligas deponere iubebantur"); (sturdy shoe, as hiking boot, work-boot) pero, ônis m.

.acsr shoe: sneaker, tennis shoe, athletic shoe calceus campester (v. gymnicus v. athlêticus)

.acsr shoe-lace corrigia, ae f.

.acsr shoe-store calcearia, ae f. (Eg. L.D.I. 105)

.acsr tie, neck-tie ? fascia Croatica < Fôcâle (Helfer); fascia Croata (LRL). || fascia Croat(ic)a. Nescio an competat, siquidem fasciis res obstringi vel obligari solent. OED s.v. cravat: "It came into vogue in France in the 17th c. in imitation of the linen scarf worn round their necks by the Croatian mercenaries. When first introduced it was of lace or linen, or of muslin edged with lace, and tied in a bow with long flowing ends, and much attention was bestowed upon it as an ornamental accessory."

.acsr wallet, billfold thêca nummorum

.adm aide (e.g., congressional) accensus, i m.

.adm bureaucracy, red-tape contorti publicorum officiorum anfractûs (Eg. D.L. 55) )

.adm cabinet (government) consistorium, i n., consilium administrorum rei publicae regendae (Eg. D.L. 46), consilium administrorum civitati regendae (Eg. S.L. 9)

.adm commission consilium, i n. (Eg. S.L. 30)

.adm commissioner ? commissarius, i m. (Ducrue 243, of some public official)

.adm minister -- U.S. federal departments: Agriculture, Commerce, Defense, Education, Energy, Health and Human Services, Homeland Security, Housing and Urban Development, Interior, Justice, Labor, State, Transportation, Treasury, and Veterans Affairs. In U.K., after the office of prime minister, the chief posts are: secretary of state for foreign and commonwealth affairs; chancellor of the exchequer, who deals with public finance; secretary of state for home affairs; and the lord high chancellor, who is concerned with the courts of justice.

.adm minister of economic affairs, (US) secretary of commerce administer ab oeconomicis negotiis (Eg. D.L. 30)

.adm minister of environmental affairs administer a re oecologica* (Eg. S.L. 33) < administer naturali ambitui tutando praepositus(Eg. S.L. 90)

.adm minister of foreign affairs, foreign minister, (US) secretary of state administer exteris negotiis praepositus (Eg. D.L. 23), administer ab exteris negotiis (Eg. D.L. 46)

.adm minister of public health (or public welfare), (US) secretary of health and human services Administer a salute publica (Eg. D.L. 47; Eg. S.L. 88)

.adm minister of the interior minister rerum internarum (cf. Pharm. Austr. vii: "ministerium rerum internarum," of interior ministry of Austrio-Hungarian government)

.adm minister of the judiciary, (US) attorney general administer a rebus iudiciariis (Eg. D.L. 44)

.adm minister, (US) secretary (government) minister publicus, rei publicae administer (Eg. S.L. 103), civitatis administer (Eg. D.L. 58), administer rei publicae regendae (Eg. S.L. 9)

.adm minister: (US) secretary of the treasury, (Br.) chancellor of the exchequer, finance minister aerarii praefectus, administer rei nummariae praepositus (Eg. R.A. 99)

.adm minister: (US, Br.) attorney general

.adm minister: prime minister minister (publicus) primarius, primarius administer (Eg. R.A. 54: "primarius Italiae administer"), praeses consilii administrorum rei publicae (Eg. D.L. 7), princeps consilii administrorum rei publicae regendae (Eg. D.L. 46), princeps administrorum rei publicae moderandae (Eg. S.L. 83)

.adm official: public official subst. accensus, i, m., apparitor, ôris m. (Eg. D.L. 10; Eg. S.L. 52)

.adm president (of nation) praeses (Eg. D.L. 8); (of university) rector (universitatis v. acadêmicus), Rector Magnificus (Eg. D.L. 26)

.adm vice-president praesidis vicarius (Eg. S.L. 37)

.adm viceroy prorex (Ducrue 247 et passim)

.alch alcohol (ethanol, ethyl alcohol, intoxicating element in alcoholic drinks) spiritus vini (Pharm. Austr. xxiv et passim), alcohol vini, alcohol, is⁺ n. (Pharm. Austr. 24: "alcohol absolutus"); (general category of compounds, including ethanol, methanol, etc.) alcohol, is⁺ n. (Reiss, Johannes Clemens, De aromaticis quibusdam alcoholis isobutylici derivatis dissertatio inauguralis, Berolini 1879) < OED s.v. alcohol, sense 3: "By extension to fluids of the idea of sublimation: An essence, quintessence, or ‘spirit,’ obtained by distillation or ‘rectification’; as alcohol of wine, essence or spirit of wine. Obs. [Libavius Alchymia (1594) has vini alcohol vel vinum alcalisatum a mispr. or perhaps misconception for alcolizatum, see alcoholizated; Johnson Lex. Chym. (1657) 13, Alcohol vini, quando omnis superfluitas vini a vino separatur, ita ut accensum ardeat donec totum consumatur, nihilque fæcum aut phlegmatis in fundo remaneat.] 1706 Phillips, Alcahol or Alcool, the pure Substance of anything separated from the more Gross. It is more especially taken for a most subtil and highly refined Powder, and sometimes for a very pure Spirit: Thus the highest rectified Spirit of Wine is called Alcohol Vini." || OED s.v. ethyl: "1869 ROSCOE Elem. Chem. 310 *Ethyl alcohol, known as spirits of wine." || WC: 3 titles with genitive "alcoholis"; no evidence of "alcoholum, i."

.alch alcoholic (addicited to alcoholic drinks) ebriosus, a, um (LS: "addicted to drunkenness"), (insane v. morbose) temeto deditus, alcoholomanês, is* m.

.alch alcoholic (containing alcohol) alcoholicus, a, um*, spirituosus, a, um (Pharm. Austr. 355: "spiritus vini cognac: liquor alcoholicus destillatione e vino obtentus ... sit limpidus, coloris flavi aut fusco-flavi, odoris et saporis suaviter peculiaris spirtuosi ... partes eius 100 contineant partes voluminis 44-48 ... alcoholis"; ibid. 397: "vinum album ... contineat in 100 partibus voluminis 8-10 partes alcoholis"; ibid. passim: "solutio spirituosa," a solution in alcohol)

.alch alcoholic beverage [see also liquor] temêtum, i n., ebriâmen, inis n. (Tert. de Jejun. 9), potio inebrians, potio alcoholica* (Eg. S.L. 96) < The term ebriâmen might be used of all intoxicating substances. < On use of inebriare, see Maximus Tyrius; cf. Herod. 4, 75

.alch liquor, distilled alcoholic beverage aqua vitae, spiritus ardens (William Robson, De effectibus vini et spiritus ardentis in corpus humanum, Edinburgi 1803), temêtum distillatum, ? aqua fortis (Bonon. Acad. I, 66) < potio valida (Eg. S.L. 107; Eg. D.L. 13: valida potio gentianina)

.alch1 anisette, pastis, ouzo aqua vitae anîsâta*, anîsâtum, i* n. < For the formation, cf. coriandratum.

.alch1 beer: brew beer cervisiam braxare⁺, cervisiam coquere (Eg. S.L. 61)

.alch1 brandy vinum adustum, (vinum) crematum

.alch1 champagne (from Champagne, region in France) vinum Campanense (Eg. D.L. 32); (any sparkling wine) vinum spumans (Pharm. Helv. [1907] xiv)

.alch1 chartreuse (liqueur) aqua vitae Cartusiâna

.alch1 cognac vinum adustum Connacense, (vinum v. crematum) Connacense [see also brandy] < For Connacense alone, with vinum understood, cf. Falernum. Valida potio Conniacensis (Eg. L.D.I. 106), cóniacum (Helfer).

.alch1 gin aqua vitae iuniperata*, iuniperâtum, i* n. < For the formation of iuniperâtum, cf. coriandratum.

.alch1 retsina (sort of Greek wine) vinum resinâ conditum (Cels. 4, 5, 29)

.alch1 sherry vinum Xeresanum (cf. urbs Xeresana, Ducrue 245, of the city of Jerez)

.alch1 vodka vodca, ae* f., aqua vitae Russica

.alch1 whisky vischium, i* n. (Eg. R.A. 21), aqua vitae Celtica (v. Hibernica v. Scotica)

.alch1 wine: new wine vinum hornum (Eg. S.L. 99)

.anml baboon cynocephalus, i m. (Cic.; Plin.; Eg. S.L. 80)

.anml dog: guard-dog canis vigilax (Eg. S.L. 61)

.anml dog: sled-dog canis traharius

.anml flamingo phoenîcopterus, i m.

.anml giraffe camêlopardalis, is f.

.anml insect insectum, i n., bestiola, ae f., animalculum, i (Hoven, "small animal"; this sense, Ducrue 251: "quod lecti et vestes pediculis at aliis animalculis scateant")

.anml insecticide venenum insectis internecivum (Eg. S.L. 84)

.anml leopard leopardus, i m. (Eg. L.D.I. 109)

.anml mammoth mammûthus, i* (scientific name), elephantus primigenius (scientific name; Eg. D.L. 50)

.anml parrot psittacus, i m.

.anml penguin pinguînus, i* m., spheniscus, i* m. < aptenodytes (Eg. D.L. 25). Pinguinus was the scientific name of a similar actic bird, extinct since the early 1800s; its vernacular names (penguin, pinguino, pigouin, etc.) were transfered to the antarctic bird.

.anml polar bear ursus albus (Eg. S.L. 44; cf. Eg. L.D.I. 109: "ursi albo pilo, qui regiones incolunt glaciales")

.anml rattlesnake serpens sistrifer (v. crotalophorus)

.anml seal phôca, ae f., vitula marina

.anml shellfish conchylium, i n., concha, ae f., testaceum i n. (Plin. 32, 58; Bonon. Acad. I, 72: "marina quaedam testacea")

.arab emirate phylarchia, ae f. (Eg. D.L. 30)

.arab Islam fides (v. lex) Mahometana (v. islamica*), islâmum, i* n., islamismus, i* m. (Eg. S.L. 82)

.arab mosque templum Mahometanum, templum islamicum ((Eg. R.A. 144), meschîta, ae⁺ f. (Niermeyer; Eg. D.L. 33; Eg. R.A. 144)

.arab Muslim, Moslem subst. Mahometânus, i m. (Eg. D.L. 10; Eg. S.L. 64: "Mahometanam profitetur religionem"), Muslimus, i m. (Eg. D.L. 19; Eg. S.L. 41)

.arab Muslim, Moslem, Islamic adj. islamicus, a, um* (Eg. D.L. 39; Eg. S.L. 55)

.arab Shiite Siita, ae m. (Eg. D.L. 39)

.art mural-painter pictor parietarius (Edict. Diocl. p. 19)

.art ogive window (with pointed Gothic arch) fenestra in acutum fastigata (Eg. R.A. 51)

.astr black hole

.astr galaxy galaxias, ae m. (Eg. D.L. 20)

.astr light-year leuca siderea (v. sideralis), lucis iter annuum < annus luce mensus (Eg. D.L. 20)

.astr meteor, shooting star bolis, idis f. (Plin. 2, 96), sidus deciduum (Plin. 2, 28), fax caeli (Lucr.), fax caelestis (Cic.; both terms also of comets), meteorolithus* (LRL)

.astr meteorite, meteoroid

.astr Milky Way via lactea (Macr. Somn. Scip. 1, 4, 9), galaxias noster (Eg. D.L. 20)

.astr observatory specula, ae f. (Gauss VI, 27), observatorium, i n. (Gauss VI, 27)

.astr observatory (astronomical) specula astronomica (Eg. D.L. 18) < turris speculatoria (Eg. S.L. 78)

.astr orbit subst. orbita, ae f. (Sen. Q.N. 7, 10, 2: "lunaris illa orbita"; Eg. S.L. 13; Eg. S.L. 65: "duo enim satellites artificiosi ... rectam orbitam ingredi non valuerunt"); vb. gyros peragere (Eg. D.L. 48: "officina sideralis ... gyros peragere desiit atque ad terram decidit"), orbem conficere (Eg. S.L. 14: "Columbia ... circum terram duodecies et centies orbem suum confecit")

.astr planet stella errans (v. erratica v. erro), sidus errans, planêta, ae m.

.astr planet: Jupiter (planet) stella Iovialis (Eg. D.L. 18; Eg. S.L. 52), Iuppiter, Iovis m.

.astr planet: Mars

.astr planet: Mercury

.astr planet: Neptune

.astr planet: Pluto

.astr planet: Saturn (planet) Sâturni stella, Sâturnia stella, Sâturnus, i m.

.astr planet: Uranus

.astr planet: Venus (planet) Venus, stella Veneris (Eg. D.L. 52)

.astr solar energy vis solaris (Eg. D.L. 34)

.astr solar system stellarum ordo solaris (Eg. S.L. 51)

.ball ball-player sphaerista, ae m. (Eg. D.L. 52, of soccer player), pilicrepa, ae m. (Eg. S.L. 15)

.ball baseball pila stationâria, basípila, ae f. (LRL)

.ball basketball follis canistrarius (cf. LRL: canistrifollis, follis canistrique ludus) < Ludus bascaudarius (Helf.) and follis bascaudarius (Alb. Imag.) appear to be based on an obsolete etymology deriving basket from the rare Latin word bascauda; in fact, bascauda is not a basket, but a scallop-shaped basin of bronze or silver, used for washing dishes (Hilgers 120; see OED s.v. basket) || Ludus bascaudarius (Helf. citing Soc. Lat.), follis bascaudarius (Alb. Imag.); canistripila, canistrifollis, pilae (v. follis) canistrique ludus (LRL) || "Bascauda" nec "canistrum" significat (potius "ahenum," "pelvim"), nec cognationem cum vocabulo Anglico "basket" habet, teste OED. Hoc apud Forcellinum: "bascauda, ae, f., catinus, conca, vas Anglicum, in quo calices et cacabus lavabantur." LS soli, inter lexicographos quos consului, illius "basket" mentionem faciunt, fisi scilicet etymologiae obsoletae ("prob. a delicately woven mat, or dish-holder of basket-work"). Hilgers 120: "muschelförmige Wanne, tiefe Schüssel ... ein Gefäss zum Geschirrspülen." || EL: pallacanestro, kalaqosfaira

.ball cricket pila clavâria (17th cent., of similar game)

.ball croquet pila et malleum (Mercurialis 220) < Mercurialis 220: "His dissimilem formam habet exercitationis illud genus, quod, non multis abhinc annis in Regno Neapolitano inventum, hodieque in universa fere Europa usitatum, apud Italos pilam et malleum [pallamaglio] vocant. In hoc etenim primo brachia et dorsum exercentur, quando malleis ligneis pilam ligneam longe pellere coguntur ... quamquam aliquis antiquos etiam hac exercitatione non caruisse contendat, cum apud Avicennam inter ceteras exercitationes unum nominetur quod virgis retortis dictis alsulegian cum pila magna aut parva lignea efficiebatur, quas condiciones apprime nostra [sic] pilamalleo convenire unusquique videt, nisi alias tacuerit Avicenna, quod suo tempore notissimae essent." Pila et malleum (or pilamalleum) here is clearly the Italian pallamaglio ("pall-mall, the old form of the game of croquet," Hoare, Italian Dictionary), very popular in the 16th and 17th centuries.

.ball golf pila Caledonica (v. Scotica)

.ball hockey: ice-hockey < alsulegia glacialis (Helfer; Albert I.V.), ludus pilae malleique super glaciem (Eg. D.L. 15), pilamalleum super glaciem (Eg. S.L. 67) || Alsulegian or alsulegiam (not a Latin accusative form) appears to be found only in Mercurialis, De Arte gymnastica (1577), 220 and 365; Mercurialis mentions it as an Arabic word meaning virgae retortae ("turned-back sticks"), used by Avicenna in his description of a game that Mercurialis believes may be similar to pall-mall, the early version of croquet. Mercurialis 220: "His dissimilem formam habet exercitationis illud genus, quod, non multis abhinc annis in Regno Neapolitano inventum, hodieque in universa fere Europa usitatum, apud Italos pilam et malleum [pallamaglio] vocant ... quamquam aliquis antiquos etiam hac exercitatione non caruisse contendat, cum apud Avicennam inter ceteras exercitationes unum nominetur quod virgis retortis dictis alsulegian cum pila magna aut parva lignea efficiebatur, quas condiciones apprime nostra [sic] pilamalleo convenire unusquique videt, nisi alias tacuerit Avicenna, quod suo tempore notissimae essent." Mercurialis 365: "Hoc fortasse exercitationis genus intellexit Avicenna, quando dixit: Et ludere cum virgis retortis dictis alsulegiam cum pila magna, aut parva lignea."

.ball pelota, jai alai pila Vasconica

.ball soccer (US), football (Brit.) pediludium, i n. (Eg. S.L. 9), ludus follis pedumque (Eg. S.L. 9); soccer game certamen folle pedibusque ludentium (Eg. D.L. 52) < adj. pediludiarius (Eg. S.L. 9)

.ball soccer/football: defender, fullback defensor, oris m. (Eg. S.L. 17)

.ball soccer/football: forward, lineman oppugnator, ôris m. (Eg. S.L. 17)

.ball soccer/football: goal (soccer, hockey), goalposts (football) porta, ae f. (Eg. S.L. 15)

.ball soccer/football: goal-line terminus ... ?

.ball soccer/football: make a goal, score a goal follem in portam ingerere (Eg. S.L. 16

.ball soccer/football: midfielders, halfbacks acies media (Eg. S.L. 17)

.ball soccer/football: quarterback lusor cardinalis ?

.ball soccer/football: touchdown terminum attingere ?

.ball soccer: goalkeeper, goalie portarius, i m. (Albert), portae custos (Eg. S.L. 17)

.bathr outhouse postîcum, i n. (Lucil. ap. Non. 217, 20), casula necessaria (cf. Ducange s.v. necessaria: "loca necessaria," "domus necessaria," "aedificium necessariorum")

.bio breed subst. seminium, i n. (Varr.; Lucr.)

.bio cell (biology) cellula (Pharm. Austr. 191)

.bio clone clôn, clônis* m., clônium, i* n.

.bio creationism

.bio DNA

.bio evolution generum animantium evolutio (v. explicatio)

.bio evolution: theory of evolution

.bio fossil vestigium fossile; shellfish fossils fossilia testacea (Bonon. Acad. I, 72)

.bio gene nota genetica (Eg. S.L. 80) < genum (Helfer)

.bio genome

.bio microorganism, microbe, germ [see also bacteria] < microorganismus (Pharm. Austr. xxvii)

.bio organic < organicus* (Eg. S.L. 104: "virus [HIV] sanguine vel aliis liquoribus organicis transmittitur")

.bmb atom bomb pyrobolus* atomicus* (Eg. D.L. 27)

.bmb bomb subst. pyrobolus, i* m. (Anc. Gr.; Bonon. Acad. I, p. 291; Eg. D.L. 24; Eg. R.A. 117); v.t. pyrobolis* verberare (Eg. D.L. 59: "bellicae aeronaves Bagdatum ... aliasque hostium urbes verberarunt"; Eg. S.L. 8: "dum aeronaves loca pyrobolis verberant"), pyrobolos* deicere (Eg. R.A. 117: "ex aëronavibus Americanis pyroboli sunt deiecti, quibus haec basilica ... est dire verberata")

.boat ferry navis vectoria (Eg. S.L. 50)

.boat fishing boat cymba piscatoria (Ducrue 258)

.boat submarine: nuclear submarine navigium subaquaneum vi atomicâ* actum (Eg. D.L. 28)

.boat yacht celox (velifera), lembus (velifera), lembus lusorius (Eg. S.L. 18)

.body finger The special designations: pollex, the thumb; index or salutaris, the forefinger; medius, also infamis and impudicus, the middle finger; minimo proximus or medicinalis, the ring-finger; minimus, the little finger, v. under those words.

.body finger: give (someone) the finger, flick or flip (someone) off (alicui) medium unguem ostendere (Juv. 10, 53; Erasmus), (alicui) digitum impudîcum ostendere (Mart. 6, 70, 5) < Juv. 10, 53: "cum Fortunae ipse minaci mandaret laqueum mediumque ostenderet unguem."

.body optic nerve nervus opticus (Bonon. Acad. I, 304)

.bthr bathtub solium (balnei v. balneârium) (see Hilgers 283), labrum (balnei v. balneârium) < Solium is the term that denotes most precisely the bathtub; its use in this sense is frequent. Labrum is a much more general term, describing vessels that hold water (tubs, basins, troughs); a modifying word is thus required to make clear the reference to the bathtub. Solium for "bathtub" appears to be considerably more frequent than labrum in the same sense (see Hilgers 199-200 and 283). A very rare word for bathtub is pyelus (Helfer): it occurs only once (Plaut. Stich. 4, 568: "ibo latum in pyelum"). Finally, alveus (according to Hilgers 98) is used only once of bathtub in literary texts. || Quod "balnei v. balnearium" scripsi, cf. "balnearum solium" (Plin. 11, 238; Plin. 28, 63 et 183). Archimedes in "solio" sedebat (Vitr. 9, pref. 10).

.bthr sink (any sink, including kitchen) labellum, i n. (Eg. D.L. 29), labellum pertûsum (v. emissario praeditum v. abaco infixum v. pariete affixum v. culînae v. culînârium), fûsôrium (culînae v. culînarium) (fusorium culinae: Pall. 1, 17, 1: Helf. citing Pexenfelder) < Labrum and its diminutive labellum apply generally to vessels for holding water (tubs, basins, troughs); adjectives or modifying expressions may thus be necessary to render precise the reference to the modern sink, characterized by its drain and by being built into a counter-top or wall. We have preferred the diminutive, as labrum sometimes refers to a bathtub. Pelvis, another word meaning "basin," appears less appropriate, since it is used especially of a vessel for washing the feet (Hilgers 249). The word fusorium in Palladius (the only ancient passage) apparently refers to a kitchen drain, but might aptly be extended to the sink (a semantic shift that occurred in the word sink itself).

.bthr sink (for washing hands: bathroom sink, wash-basin) trulleum, i n. (Varr.; Non.; see Hilgers 293), malluvium, i n. (Paul. ex Fest.) < Hilgers 293: trulleus "fängt beim Händewaschen das Wasser auf"; invenitur trulleus hac significatione solum apud Varr., Non., glossaria. || Malluvium glossema est: solum apud Festum et in glossariis. Paul. ex Fest. (p. 160 Müll.): "malluvium dicitur, quo manus lavuntur."

.bthr toilet (fixture), commode lásanum, i n. (Hor. S. 1, 6, 109; Petr. 41, 9; Anth. Lat. 205, 13; see Hilgers 209), sella (necessaria) (for sella in this sense, see Varr. R.R. 1, 13, 4; Scrib. Comp. 193 and 227; for necessaria, cf. Ducange s.v. necessaria: "loca necessaria," "domus necessaria," of restrooms or outhouses) < Sella familiarica (Helf. citing Varr.), sella pertusa (Helf. citing Cato). The adjective "familiarica" refers to use by servants (OLD; ThLL); it does not indicate that a cella or sella is a toilet. Cella familiarica (Vitr. 6, 7, 2): "rooms for the slaves" (trans. M.H. Morgan); "rooms for the servants" (LS); "logement des esclaves" (Callebat Dict. 178). Sellae familiaricae (Varr. R.R. 1, 13, 4): "privies for servants" (Loeb trans.). Sella pertusa at Cato 117, 11 (the passage cited by Helfer and apparently the only example of the expression) does not appear to refer to a toilet. || Quod ad lasanum spectat, vide ThLL: "lasanum ... vas alvo exonderandae aptum: [quoting Hor., Petr. 41, 9]; Petron. 47, 5 (loq. Trimalchio) si quid plus (quam crepitus ventris) venit, omnis foras parata sunt: aqua, ~i (Bucheler, lassant trad., -um Scheffer) et cetera minutalia." || Quod ad familiaricus pertinet, vide OLD: "familiaricus ... of or belonging to household slaves" (citing Varr., Vitr., Dig.); ThLL: "familiaricus ... qui ad familiam, i. servos pertinet" (same cites plus Diff. gramm.). || De sella, vide OLD: "sella ... 3 a seat used for the purpose of defecation ... [quoting Varr. 1.13.4] postea per ~as etiam abundantius eundem (sc. cruorem) deiciunt Larg. 193 [Scribonius Largus (early 1st cent.)]; cum desederint ad ~am 227; ~as ante petit Paterclianas Mart. 12.77.9; (cf.) ubi in scutra fervefeceris (lotium) sub ~am supponito pertusam Cato Agr.157.11"; "sellarium ... (app.) a privy. clariissima quaeque (signa) ... violentia Neronis in urbem convecta et in ~iis domus aureae disposita Plin. Nat. 34.84; 36.111; secessu ... Caprensi etiam ~ia excogitavit, sedem arcanarum libidinum Suet. Tib. 43.1."

.bthr toilet (room), restroom, lavatory latrîna, ae f. (Plaut.; Suet.), forica, ae f. (public restroom) (Juv.), secessus, ûs m. (Vulg.), necessarium, i⁺ n. (Latham; Niermeyer; Ducange), locus necessarius (Ducange s.v. necessaria) < Ducange s.v. necessaria: "loca necessaria ... locus necessariorum ... domus necessaria ... aedificium necessariorum ... cum necessitate ad publica purgatoria venisset."

.bthr urinal matella parietâlis (v. parieti affixa), ûrînal, âlis n. (of chamber pot: Gloss. Philox.; Latham)

.car1 odometer hodometrum, i* n.

.cath breviary breviarium, i n. (Ducrue 219)

.cath Catholic Church ecclesia catholica (Eg. D.L. 7)

.cath encyclical (eccl.) litterae encyclicae (Eg. L.D.I. 127)

.cath mass missa, ae f., sacrificium, i n., sacrum, i n., missae sacrificium (Ducrue 235), sacra synaxis (Ven. Carm. 8, 17; Ducrue 235: "fere omnes sacra synaxi reficiebantur"); (sung mass, musical work) missa cantata, missa modis musicis aptata; Schubert's Mass missa modis musicis a Schubertio aptata (cf. Hor. C. 2, 12, 4: "bella ... aptari citharae modis") < missa polyphonica (Eg. S.L. 99)

.cath mass: celebrate mass (of priest) sacris operari (Ducrue 261; Eg. D.L. 7), divinâ hostiâ litare (Eg. D.L. 9), divinâ hostiâ facere (Eg. D.L. 10), eucharisticum sacrificum immolare (Eg. D.L. 11), eucharisticum sacrificum celebrare (Eg. D.L. 43), dominicum celebrare (Eg. D.L. 11), missam dicere (Ducrue 254), missam decantare (Ducrue 255)

.cath mass: hear mass, take communion sacram synaxim accipere (Ducrue 257)

.cath requiem (mass) missa defunctorum (Eg. L.D.I. 126), officium defunctorum; Mozart's Requiem missa defunctorum a Mozartio modis musicis aptata (cf. Hor. C. 2, 12, 4: "bella ... aptari citharae modis")

.cath rosary (prayer) marialium precum series, rosarium, i* n. ((Ducrue 243: "sancto rosario ... beatissimam Matrem nostram publice venerati"; Eg. S.L. 71: "summus pontifex ... decadem precis marialis rosarii ... latine recitavit"); (beads) sphaerulae precatoriae (Erasmus), rosarium, i* n. (Maigne), sertum globorum (Maigne)

.cath shroud of Turin sacra sindon (sacrae sindonis) (Eg. S.L. 59)

.cath Swiss Guards (at Vatican) Pontificia Helvetiorum Cohors (Eg. D.L. 23)

.cath Vatican (as an area within Rome) Civitas Vaticana (Eg. R.A. 90); (as seat of church: Holy See) Sedes Apostolica (Eg. D.L. 5; Eg. S.L. 68; Eg. R.A. 125: "ne confundatur Civitas Urbis Vaticanae cum Apostolica (vel Sancta) Sede, quae, ut libere agere possit, habet ibi quidem domicilium, sed non est idem")

.cath1 cardinal subst. cardinalis, is⁺ m.; purpuratus pater (Eg. D.L. 7)

.cath1 diocese dioecesis, is f. (Eg. D.L. 11)

.cath1 parish paroecia, ae f. (Eg. D.L. 11)

.cath1 parish church templum paroeciale (Eg. D.L. 9)

.cath1 pope papa, ae m., Summus Pontifex, Pontifex Maximus (Eg. D.L. 20)

.cath1 priest sacerdos, ôtis m.f., presbyter, eri m. (Christian priest or elder, esp. in early Church) (Eg. R.A. 62

.cath2 Carmelite (member of religious order) Carmêlîta (or es), ae m. (friar) (Eg. R.A. 100), Carmêlîtis, idis f. (nun)

.cath2 Carthusian (member of religious order) Cartusiânus, i m. (Eg. R.A. 66)

.cath2 Dominican (member of religious order) frater Dominicalis

.cath2 Franciscan (member of religious order) frater Franciscalis (Eg. R.A. 27); Franciscalis, is m. (Eg. R.A. 90); Franciscânus, i m. (Ducrue 226: "patres Franciscani de observantia")

.cath2 Jesuit order, Society of Jesus Societas Iesu (Ducrue 221; Eg. S.L. 78)

.cath2 monastery, convent monastêrium, i n. (Aug.), coenobium, i (Hier.)

.cath2 monastery, convent: community of a religious order (whether or not monastic) collegium, i n. (Erasmus), conventus, ûs m. (Ducrue 263 et passim, of Jesuits, Franciscans, Augustinians), claustrum, i n. (Ducrue 263, of Franciscans)

.cath2 nun sanctimoniâlis, is f. (Aug., Abelard), mónacha, ae f. (Hier.), sacra virgo (Hier., Erasmus), moniâlis, is⁺ f. (Abelard; Corpus Iuris Canonici; Ducrue 246; Eg. S.L. 9)

.cath2 religious order ordo (religiosus), religio, onis f. (Ducrue 262: "fuit etiam qui illis [Societatis Iesu noviciis] absolutionem negaret eo quod religionem relinquere noluissent")

.cath2 religious order: member of religious order (monk, friar, Jesuit father, etc.) religiosus, i* m. (Ducrue 222: "excepit fatalia nova optimus pater eo quo religiosum decebat animo")

.cath2 superior (in religious order) superior, ôris* m. (Ducrue 222)

.chem alchemy alchimia, ae⁺ (Eg. R.A. 88)

.chem alkaline adj. alcalinus, a, um* (Pharm. Austr. 3)

.chem alumin(i)um aluminium, i n. (Pharm. Austr. 28; Eg. D.L. 35)

.chem ammonia ammonia, ae f. (Pharm. Austr. 6 et passim)

.chem carbon-14: apply carbon-14 dating aetatem e carbonii quartodecimarii* mensura statuere < (Eg. S.L. 59: "dicitur aetatem reliquiarum accurate statuere usus oxydo carbonico secundum rationem 14")

.chem chemical adj. (Pharm. Austr. x: "medicamina ... arte chemica effecta"); subst. (chemical sustance) chemicum, i* n. (Pharm. Nosocom. 28), praeparatum chemicum* (Pharm. Austr. xi: "cum praeparata chemica, quae usui therapeutico inserviunt, optimae indolis in commercio obveniunt," et passim; Pharm. Helv. [1872] v), materia chêmica* (Eg. S.L. 33)

.chem chemist chêmicus, i* m. (Eg. S.L. 59)

.chem chemistry chêmia, ae f. (Eg. D.L. 29) < Chmeia and cumeia are ancient in Greek; cumeia is in Lidell-Scott, but manuscript reading chmeia is noted ("the art of alloying metals, alchemy, Zos.Alch. ap. Syncell. p. 24"; several other authors cited). Stephanus: "chmeia, h, a Suida exp. h tou argurou kai crusou kataskeuh